Want to be among the first to lease a 2011 Smart Electric Drive?

You’re probably too late, as the brand only plans to make 1,500 of them available globally.

At least initially that’s the plan. Beginning this October, the initial lot of 1,500 will be produced, with about 250 of those allocated to the U.S.

There's definitely a story in the numbers.

Even of those 250 cars sent to the U.S., smart USA has decided to place 80 percent of these vehicles with corporate partners and about 20 percent with individual lessees.

Ever wondered how car companies make money fast? Sexy electric sports car creators Tesla motors have figured it out: sell off its excess zero-emission vehicle credits for much-needed hard cash to Honda, the only mainstream automaker to not yet fully commit to making an EV.

In 2008, a revised version of the Californian zero-emissions mandate came into force, requiring any major auto manufacturer wishing to sell vehicles within the state to make some form of plug-in vehicle, or face strict penalties.

While Toyota, GM, Nissan and Ford have all worked to some extent on plug in hybrid and pure electric vehicles, Honda has turned its attention to hydrogen fuel cell technology, leasing its FCX Clarity in select locations in California. 

General Motors is quietly conducting research into Lithium-Air batteries, the next Holy Grail of electric vehicle technology, according to a Friday article in The New York Times.

GM acknowledges that while the battery technology has some way to go before it is used in commercial electric cars, the leap in capacity these batteries could offer could yield ranges per charge rivaling that of a conventional petroleum fueled car.

For many years now lithium has played a part in high-density batteries from laptops through to electric cars, but Lithium air batteries have remained less common. Lithium has an extremely high energy density. If you expose it to water the resulting chemical reaction produces a large amount of heat, lithium hydroxide and hydrogen.

This protective measure has become much less important since introduction of the current-operated earth-leakage protection. In favour of current-operated earth-leakage protection it is not any longer employed in electrical plants to be newly constructed. However, it is still working in some older systems.

This protective measure is similar to protective earthing, but its release in case of fault is not directly taking place via the connection between the parts of the plant to be protected and the ground, but at all poles via a release coil. Its mode of action is based on a voltage-operated earth-leakage circuit breaker monitoring the circuit between the parts of the plant to be protected and an auxiliary earthing electrode.

There are instances when the occurrence of a fault in the plant must not have consequences or lead to disconnection of the faulty phase conductor.

This can be the case in electrical systems of mines, chemical industries with continuous processes or of electromedical machinery in operation theatres of hospitals.

Also in case of a line-to-earth fault or fault of frame there is an interest to continue the operation without compromising as to labour safety.

This is possible only by applying the protective measure protective conductor system.

The protective low voltage is the most effective and safest protective measure against too high a contact voltage. It offers protection even on touching live parts. Its effectivity is based on reducing the service voltage to values being not dangerous to the human body:

- for contact with active parts, …………. 25 V ac volt.
- i.e. non-insulated live parts , …………. 50 V dc volt
- for contact voltages on conductive, …. 50 V ac volt.
- parts in case of fault, …………………. 120 V dc volt.

These voltages are too low to harm a human’s health. For maintaining the full efficiency of the protective measure the requirements put up for its application roust be met.

Protective isolation holds an eminent position among the protective measures. It has much in common with protective low voltage. As in case of protective low voltage the transformer must have windings which are electrically separated from each other, and the service circuit must not be earthed either.

The important difference is that the protectively isolated circuit may be operated at any rated voltage up to 380 V three-phase current, but only one electrical device must be connected. Exemptions from this rule are permitted only if the connected electrical devices are operated with potential equalization lines and are placed on a base.

The protective insulation of electrical equipment consists of protective insulation in addition to the service insulation or of reinforcement of the service insulation. Even the site-insulation, meaning the insulation of a human being against earth, is a kind of protective insulation.

The protective measure protective insulation is distinguished by high efficiency at low maintenance cost. The makers of electrical equipment are obliged to apply it to their products.

There are three versions of protective insulation:
- protective insulation sheathing,
- protective intermediate insulation,
- reinforced insulation.

The protective measure protective earthing is really the oldest protective measure.

Its effectiveness is based on all electrically conductive parts of the system which may come under voltage in case of fault and which do not pertain to the operating circuit being connected to the earthed protective conductor.

In case of a fault, a fault current flows via the lead-in, point of fault, protective earth electrode, ground to the system earth of the voltage generator or transformer.

The faulty phase conductor or circuit will be interrupted if the fault current exceeds the interrupting current of the next back-up fuse.

Protective conductors are an important basic element of protective measures against electrical shocks. Protective conductors connect conductive parts of casings in electrical appliances, conductive parts of buildings and constructions etc. to earthing electrodes.

Protective conductors are meant for protection against too high contact voltages by leaking fault currents! In almost any case interruptions of protective conductors will result in the concerned protective measure remaining without effect.

If the protective measure is not applied properly great sources of danger will be created.

Neutralization is an “onward development” of protective earthing. Instead of via the ground the fault current is returned via the neutral conductor with protective function (PEN), in the following called neutral conductor.

The mode of action of neutralization is similar to protective earthing. A fault of frame occurring in case of fault is being converted into a one-pole short-circuit by the connection casing-neutral conductor.

The next back-up fuse will respond interrupting the faulty phase conductor. The faulty electrical equipment will be one-pole interrupted.

Mode of action, conditions and application of protective measures against too high a contact voltage

When applying a protective measure all electrically conductive parts of the system not pertaining to the operating circuit are to be included, which

- may be touched during operation of the plant or appliance.

- may adopt voltage in case of fault.

Applying several protective measures within a system must not result in their cancelling each other.

Within buildings, as a matter of principle, potential equalization is performed, in order to prevent accidents due to displacement of voltage.

Via potential equalization lines
- all pipelines of metal (gas, water, heating),
- cohesive building structures of metal (steel girders, window and door frames),
- reinforcements of steel in concrete,
- earthing systems for lightning arrest and information installations as well as
- protective conductors when applying the protective measures protective earthing and neutralization are connected together on a potential equalization bar.

The isolating current-operated earth-leakage protection

This protective measure is mostly applied in ship-building. It works similarly to the current-operated earth-leakage protection, the difference being in principle that the system is operated via an isolation transformer, the neutral point of the transformer’s secondary side being earthed via a coil, This coil is connected as a voltage divider limiting the fault current to 7 mA.

In case of fault, the fault current will flow via the current coil of the isolating current-operated earth-leakage circuit breaker which will be excited thereby and disconnect the system.

The current-operated earth-leakage circuit breaker is highly sensitive. It responds to release current intensities in the mA-range independent on the size of the fault voltage.

The mode of action of the current-operated earth-leakage protection rests on H. Kirchhoff’s first current law.

If the operating current of a consumer’s installation is directed via the cumulative current transformer of the current-operated earth-leakage circuit breaker the sum of the currents flowing in both directions will be zero.

No voltage is induced in the cumulative current transformer of the current-operated earth-leakage circuit breaker.

The functionability of the protective measure depends on the expert connection of the protective conductor.

It has to be made with the same care as for phase conductors.

All electrical appliances with connection for protective conductors have protective conductor’s connection points to which the protective conductor is to be connected.

If the protective conductor is passed through an electrical device to be included into the protective measure, e.g. a motor protection switch, then it will not be permissible to connect the lead-in and lead-out of the protective conductor to different points on the device’s casing.  

In spite of instructions and extensive measures ever again electrical accidents are happening caused by absent-mindedness and thoughtlessness.

Though in accident-statistics the share of electrical accidents is one of the smallest, the number of mortal accidents caused by electrical current is very high due to the dangerousness of electricity. It should be understood by everyone that any contact to live parts of installations in switchgear and other electrical installations - even at home - can mean serious harm to the health of the person concerned. After an electrical accident should have happened, immediately steps are to be taken to keep the consequences of the accident at a minimum. The first step is to free the person met with an accident from the circuit.

Designed for domestic and corporate use, the Vortex Wind Funnel Copyright 2009 converts more wind at lower speeds into clean electricity. It is the evolution of wind turbine design,user-friendly, comprehensive wind generator designed to provide up to THREE times more energy annually then conventional three blade units.

With a rated capacity of 1 kW to 1.5 kW, the Master Flo Vortex wind Funnel (VTF) should be able to provide anywhere from 40%-90% of a household’s or small business’s total energy requirments. And because it projected to operates at even lower RPM at lower heights , the VTF will not require the current heavy duty tower installation or cost.

Earlier this week Californian start-up Aptera unveiled its official pre-production prototype for its upcoming 2e electric vehicle, along with many of the specs for the final full-production model to come in about 11 months--once the final financing hurdle is cleared that is.There will be several different versions of the car, including an all-electric model and a range-extending plug-in hybrid.

The first model in production will be the all-electric version, which will go from 0-60 mph in 10 seconds, top out at 90 mph and get the equivalent of more than 200 mpg based on a standard EPA driving cycle. Driving the wheels will be an electric motor supplied by Remy, which should see the Aptera 2e cover a distance of more than 200 miles on a single charge of its lithium-ion batteries.

Marking of conductors and designation of networks

Practically there are three different basic types of networks:

- TN-networks with directly earthed netpoint (system earthing electrode) and protective conductor
- TT-networks with directly earthed netpoint and protective earthing electrodes at the connected parts of the system
- IT-networks without earthed netpoint, however, with earthed electrical appliances and parts of the system

In TN-networks three types may occur:

- networks with combined neutral and protective conductors are called TN-C-networks

An electrical installation is defined as the totality of equipment assembled into a technical unit for the purpose of generating, transferring, distributing, storing or converting electrical power.

In an electrical installation earthing plays an important part for safety and functionability. Earthing is the totality of all means and measures for connection to earth. Earthing systems are applied to safely leak lightning, creeping and fault currents via the soil.

Moreover, earthing systems are serving to warrant certain operation processes like
- return of fault currents (closing the fault current circuit)
- mastering of line-to-earth faults
- safety in case of defects in transformers.

From a designer's perspective, there are no "good" or "bad" circuits. This article will show how to transform a "pirate" smart card (cheaply available almost everywhere nowadays , as consequence of digital TV piracy plague) into a legal and pacific electronic key application.

Opposite to popular belief, most TV smartcards are not clones of the original and trusted ones. Instead, they often are minature versions of general purpose microcontrollers - well known to the electronics enthusiasts - like PICs from Microchip or AVR from Atmel.

This design uses a smart card to enable a relay.

This incredibly simple thermometer plugs on any free serial port. Does not make use of any programmable components as microcontrollers.

It gives temperature readings accurate to 0.5°C with no calibration. It's cheap, so I've put one on any PC I use. And it's soooo nice to have the temperature shown on the Windows taskbar, that a million friends asked me to build one!

Since I have no time to build a million pcTHERMs, I give you the plans and the software to build one on your own. This project is easy enough for beginners, the only difficulties possibly arising from serial port hardware incompatibility from PC to PC. In the single-sensor version, you need only the sensor IC, a voltage regulator and and handful of diodes and resistors.

SCART is a French-originated standard and associated 21-pin connector for connecting audio-visual (AV) equipment together.

It is also known as Péritel (France), 21-pin EuroSCART (Asian region), EIA Multiport (America) Euroconector or EuroAV.

In Europe, SCART is the most common method of connecting audio-visual equipment together, and has become a standard connector for such devices.

Designed to carry analogue standard-definition content, SCART is becoming obsolete with the introduction of new digital standards such as HDMI, which can carry high-definition content and multichannel audio.

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.

Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicate with software running on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP.)

The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.

Audi plans a rapid expansion of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles over the next few years as a key component in Volkswagen Group's strategy to dominate the alternative-powertrain market by decade's end.

Michael Dick, Audi's board member for technical development, told Automotive News that the next-generation A6 sedan will have the potential to be a full hybrid by the end of 2012.The A6 would join the recently introduced hybrid A8 sedan at the Geneva auto show and the soon-to-be-launched Q5 hybrid crossover.

Hybrid capability may stretch to each part of Audi's lineup by the end of the decade.

By 2020, Audi wants to increase the efficiency of its internal combustion engines by 30 percent and wants 5 percent of the brand's lineup to be electric, Dick said.

West Coast is More Prepared Than Rest of Country for EV Invasion

The EV invasion is one its way in parts of the country. Later this year both Nissan and GM will roll out plug-in vehicles and at least some cities out on the west coast are getting their preparations in order in time for the invasion.

San Francisco is currently working on a revised building code that would require any newly built structures to be outfitted with the necessary hookups for electric vehicle chargers.

Pacific Gas and Electric Co., one of largest electric suppliers out west, is gearing up to.  They are laying out what they call "heat maps".  The heat maps outline areas that could be potentially overloaded from electric vehicle charging.

Developing a control system and effectively managing system information for utilities, becomes increasingly complex as the expectations of regulatory agencies, customers and the public are constantly rising. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) solutions are designed to meet the challenges of today's rapidly changing operational environments for utilities.

When the utilities in Egypt has just started adopting SCADA for better management and control of its processes, we has gone a step further, to develop SCADA system for enhancing and utilizing intelligent process automation and maximizing the benefit of adopting this technology. Actually, SCADA focuses on gathering and circulating the right amount of system information to a main computer within the right amount of time so that any control solutions are made possible.

Since the inception of electric lighting, the dimming and flickering of lights has been a reality for most consumers. In general, the main cause of these effects is switching operations of industrial processes and electrical appliances connected to the supply system.

As shown in Figure 1, the current drawn by an appliance causes a voltage drop across the impedance of the electricity supply network, which results in a lower voltage supplied to the lighting system.

Electrical equipment can often have complex program cycles which cause the current drawn from the supply to fluctuate.

For example, a washing machine will switch on and off current to heat the water; there will be a surge of current as the motor starts to turn and varying current as the motor speed is controlled.

LabVIEW is a fully featured programming language produced by National Instruments. It is a graphical language quite unique in the method by which code is constructed and saved. There is no text based code as such, but a diagrammatic view of how the data flows through the program.

Thus LabVIEW is a much loved tool of the scientist and engineer who can often visualise data flow rather than how a text based conventional programming language must be built to achieve a task.

LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments, or VIs, because their appearance and operation imitate physical instruments, such as oscilloscopes and multimeters. LabVIEW contains a comprehensive set of tools for acquiring analyzing, displaying, and storing data, as well as tools to help you troubleshoot your code.  

With the development of high efficiency and high power LEDs it has become possible to incorporate LEDs in lighting and illumination. Replacement light bulbs have been made as well as dedicated fixtures and LED lamps.

LEDs are used as street lights and in other architectural lighting where color changing is used. The mechanical robustness and long lifetime is used in automotive lighting on cars, motorcycles and on bicycle lights. LEDs have been used for lighting of streets and of parking garages. In 2007, the Italian village Torraca was the first place to convert its entire illumination system to LEDs. LEDs are being used increasingly commonly for aquarium lighting. Particular for reef aquariums, LED lights provide an efficient light source with less heat output to help maintain optimal aquarium temperatures.

A Residual Current Breaker with Overload (RCBO) is a combination of an RCD and a miniature circuit breaker (MCB).

In Europe RCDs can fit on the same DIN rail as the MCBs, however the busbar arrangements in consumer units and distribution boards can make it awkward to use them in this way.

If it is desired to protect an individual circuit an RCBO (Residual-current Circuit Breaker with Overcurrent protection) can be used. This incorporates an RCD and a miniature circuit breaker in one device. It is common to install an RCD in a consumer unit in what is known as a split load configuration where one group of circuits is just on the main switch (or time delay RCD in the case of a TT earth) and another group is on the RCD.

A residual current device (RCD), similar to a Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB), is an electrical wiring device that disconnects a circuit whenever it detects that the electric current is not balanced between the energized conductor and the return neutral conductor.

Such an imbalance is sometimes caused by current leakage through the body of a person who is grounded and accidentally touching the energized part of the circuit. A lethal shock can result from these conditions.

RCDs are designed to disconnect quickly enough to mitigate the harm caused by such shocks although they are not intended to provide protection against overload or short-circuit conditions.

Solar power is the generation of electricity from sunlight. This can be direct as with photovoltaics (PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power (CSP), where the sun's energy is focused to boil water which is then used to provide power.

The solar power gained from photovoltaics can be used to eliminate the need for purchased electricity (usually electricity gained from burning fossil fuels) or, if energy gained from photovoltaics exceeds the home's requirements, the extra electricity can be sold back to the home's supplier of energy, typically for credit.

Totalsolarenergy is a great online resource for solar energy.

BAM8 (DINWAY) series moulded case circuit breaker is a new type breaker developed with international advanced technology.

The breaker is mainly used in distribution network of AC 50Hz/60Hz, rated voltage up to 690V, rated operating current up to 1250A to distribute electric power and to protect the line and the equipment from being damaged due to overload, short circuit and under-voltage.

The product is in conformity with the standard IEC60947-2. The circuit breaker, according to its different rated limit short-circuit breaking capacity, is divided into three kinds: S type (standard type), H type (higher type), R type (limit current type).

IR Thermometers measure the surface temperature of an object. The thermometers optics sense emitted, reflected, and transmitted energy. The thermometers electronic translate the information into a temperature reading which is then displayed on the LCD.

Using IR Thermometer is convenient and fast. Getting reliable results, however, depends upon knowing the nature and size of the target, and realizing that the unit only measures the skin of the object, not the interior. Usually, the exterior surface of an object has a temperature that is strongly related to the whole object.

The amount of IR energy emitted by an object is proportional to an objects temperature and its ability to emit energy.

Data Typing

Within the common elements, the data types are defined. Data typing prevents errors in an early stage. It is used to define the type of any parameter used. This avoids for instance dividing a Date by an Integer. Common datatypes are Boolean, Integer, Real and Byte and Word, but also Date, Time_of_Day and String. Based on these, one can define own personal data types, known as derived data types.In this way one can define an analog input channel as data type, and re-use this over an over again.

Variables

Variables are only assigned to explicit hardware addresses (e.g. input and outputs) in configurations, resources or programs.

This articals focuses on the introduction in the XCP Pro programme environment, including method, configure and idiographic operation process, which may be involved in a wide variety of programme.

XCPPro can program in two methods: ladder chart programme or repertoire programme.

Ladder chart programme is intuitionistic and convenient, is chosen by the majority of PLC programme and maintenance personnel.

Repertoire programme is suit for the personnel who is familiar with PLC and experienced in logic programme.

At the request of our clients in the international market, the engraving machine made by SiCONO is novel in appearance, firm in structure, powerful in function, easy in operation, reliable in performance and competitive in price.

It can be used widely to process or make advertising signs, nameplates, badges, seals, bronzing plate, indentation plates, signs, construction models, instrument panels, wooden products, mold products, industrial mould, etc. The computer and the engraving machine is connected by serial cable, do not lengthen it to guarantee the reliability of communication data, the computer is able to place at any offlinetion, but had better place left of the engraving machine.

The stepper drive delivers electrical power to the motor in response to low-level signals from the control system. The motor is a torque-producing device, and this torque is generated by the interaction of magnetic fields.

The driving force behind the stator field is the magneto-motive force (MMF), which is proportional to current and to the number of turns in the winding. This is often referred to as the amp-turns product. Essentially, the drive must act as a source of current. The applied voltage is only significant as a means of controlling the current.

Input signals to the stepper drive consist of step pulses and a direction signal.

For those not familiar with the property of inductance, the following water analogy may be useful (Fig. 2.3). An inductor behaves in the same way as a turbine connected to a flywheel. When the tap is turned on and pressure is applied to the inlet pipe, the turbine will take time to accelerate due to the inertia of the flywheel.

The only way to increase practical case, the final speed will be determined by the applied pressure and by friction and the leakage past the turbine blades.

Applying a voltage to the terminals of an inductor produces a similar effect. With a pure inductance (i.e., no resistance), the current will rise in a linear fashion for as long as the voltage is applied.

R-L Drive

The principle described in the Inductance/Water Analogy is applied in the resistance-limited (R-L) drive see Fig. 4. Using an applied voltage of 10 times the rated motor voltage, the current will reach its final value in one tenth of the time. If you like to think in terms of the electrical time constant, this has been reduced from L/R to L/10R, so we'll get a useful increase in speed.

However we're paying a price for this extra performance. Under steady-state conditions, there is 9 times as much power dissipated in the series resistor as in the motor itself, producing a significant amount of heat.

Furthermore, the extra power must all come from the DC power supply, so this must be much larger.

The method of current control used in most stepper drives is the recirculating chopper (Fig. 2.9). This approach incorporates the four-transistor bridge, recirculation diodes, and a sense resistor. The resistor is of low value (typically 0.1 ohm) and provides a feedback .

voltage proportional to the current in the motor. Current is injected into the winding by turning on one top switch and one bottom switch, and this applies the full supply voltage across the motor.

Current will rise in an almost linear fashion and we can monitor this current by looking across the sense resistor.

Like other rotating machines with permanent magnets, the step motor will act as a generator when the shaft is driven mechanically. This means that the energy imparted to the load inertia during acceleration is returned to the drive during deceleration. This will increase the motor current and can damage the power switches if the extra current is excessive.

A threshold detector in the drive senses this increase in current and momentarily turns off all the bridge transistors (Fig. 2.10). There is now a path for the regenerated current back to the supply capacitor, where it increases the supply voltage. During this phase, the current is no longer flowing through the sense resistors, so the power switches must be turned on again after a short period (typically 30|mS) for conditions to be reassessed.

Within the various drive technologies, there is a spectrum of performance. The uni-polar resistance-limited (R-L) drive is a relatively simple design, but it lacks shaft power performance and is very inefficient.

A uni-polar system only uses half of the motor winding at any instant. A bi-polar design allows torque producing current to flow in all motor windings, using the motor more efficiently, but increasing the complexity of the drive. A bi-polar R-L drive improves shaft performance, but is still very inefficient—generating a lot of wasted heat. An alternative to resistance-limiting is to control current by means of chopper regulation.

A chopper regulator is very efficient since it does not waste power by dropping voltage through a resistor. However, good current control in the motor is essential to deliver optimum shaft power.

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts.

Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and nonconducting.

A Wireless remote control switch is an electric switch which is controlled by a radio or other signal and does not require an operator to touch the switch is known as a wireless remote control switch.

    A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines, such as packaging and semiconductor machines.

A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator, monitors and controls the process.

Thinget have one product which integrate PLC and TP touch screen functions in one: The same PLC function as XC2 series, with faster speed and color display area, support touch function.

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic or electrostatic field, or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.

The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor requires a metal target.

The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range".

Solar Panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through Photo-Voltaic effect (not to be confused with photo-electric effect). The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or a thin-film cell based on cadmium telluride or silicon .

Crystalline silicon, which is commonly used in the wafer form in photovoltaic (PV) modules, is derived from silicon, a commonly used semi-conductor.

Most modules are rigid, but there are some flexible modules available, based on thin-film cells.

Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired amount of current source capability.

A data logger (also datalogger or data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a digital processor (or computer).

They generally are small, battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage, and sensors.

Some data loggers interface with a personal computer and utilize software to activate the data logger and view and analyze the collected data, while others have a local interface device (keypad, LCD) and can be used as a stand-alone device.

Low electricity consumption. Same brightness only uses one tenth of conventional lighting electricity. Low energy consumption, long usage life. LED lights saves 80% electricity compare to conventional lightings, saves 50% electricity compare to fluorescent light,with usage life of 20 to 30 times over, with usage life up to 10 times.

Generally do not need to change light bulb, do not need frequent maintenances within the usage life time, especially on rooptops and tunnels.

Long working life. Chip works up to 30,000-50.000 hours. Wide application, for indusrial or new product usage. Can be used as street lights, spot lights, factory lights, ground embedded lights, lawn lights, square lighting another project lighting.

Typical indicator LEDs are designed to operate with no more than 30–60 milliwatts [mW] of electrical power. Around 1999, Philips Lumileds introduced power LEDs capable of continuous use at one watt [W]. These LEDs used much larger semiconductor die sizes to handle the large power inputs.

Also, the semiconductor dies were mounted onto metal slugs to allow for heat removal from the LED die. One of the key advantages of LED-based lighting is its high efficiency, as measured by its light output per unit power input.

White LEDs quickly matched and overtook the efficiency of standard incandescent lighting systems.

A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. There are two categories of multimeters, analog and digital multimeters.

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.

Multimeters are available in a wide ranges of features and prices.

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.

Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.

Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

"X-Y" laser engraving machines may operate in vector and raster mode. Vector engraving follows the line and curve of the pattern to be engraved, much like a pen-based plotter draws by constructing line segments from a description of the outlines of a pattern. Raster engraving traces the laser across the surface in a back-and-forth slowly-advancing linear pattern that will remind one of the printhead on an inkjet or similar printer.

Jinan Jinqiang Weiye CNC Equipment Company has successfully presented JQ series of laser engraving, laser cutting equipment, laser engraver, laser cutter，etc. What is more, it is used in many fields and has a good press. The top rank products, top after- service gains the trust and support of customers from all over the world.